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Serology and infectious disease billing moves faster than almost any lab discipline; new multiplex panels, PLA codes, and payer scrutiny arrive yearly, often reacting to the last outbreak or audit. Expanded syndromic panels that once sailed through now face target-count limits and non-coverage determinations. Generalist billers rarely track these changes, and revenue loss compounds quietly until an audit reveals months of costs.
Expanded Panel Medical Necessity Denials
NAAT Target-Count Miscoding
Reflex Confirmatory Testing Capture Gaps
Add-On Test Bundling With Primary Infectious Disease Testing
Screening vs. Diagnostic Coding Errors
Multiplex nucleic acid detection of respiratory viruses and select bacteria at 3-5 targets (87631), 6-11 targets (87632), and 12-25 targets (87633), plus combined SARS-CoV-2/influenza panels (87636, 87637).
Medicare and most commercial payers now limit expanded panels (87632, 87633) to beneficiaries with serious illness, immunodeficiency, or a documented severe underlying condition --- billing an expanded panel as routine outpatient triage testing is one of the fastest-growing denial and audit triggers in this category.
Multiplex nucleic acid detection of GI bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens at 3-5 targets (87505), 6-11 targets (87506), and 12-25 targets (87507), used to work up infectious diarrhea and suspected enteric pathogens.
The same payer scrutiny applied to expanded respiratory panels extends to GI panels --- 87507 in particular draws frequent post-payment review, and claims without a documented reason the broader panel was clinically necessary are routinely denied.
Nucleic acid amplification testing for chlamydia (87491) and gonorrhea (87591), often ordered as a combined panel, plus multiplex STI panels detecting multiple organisms from a single specimen (87801).
Screening-context STI testing must be coded and billed differently from diagnostic testing performed for symptomatic patients --- using the wrong benefit category is a routine source of unexpected patient cost-sharing disputes and claim rejections.
Acute hepatitis panels (80074), hepatitis C antibody screening (86803) and confirmatory testing (86804), and quantitative or qualitative hepatitis B and C nucleic acid testing (87516-87522) used for diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and cure confirmation.
One-time hepatitis C screening and risk-based repeat screening follow different coverage rules --- billing a repeat screen without documenting the specific risk factor that justifies it is a common and avoidable denial.
HIV-1 antibody confirmation (86689), combined HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody screening (86701-86703), and antigen/antibody combination immunoassay screening (87389, 87390) used across preventive screening and diagnostic workups.
A reactive screening result must reflex to the correct confirmatory test and be billed as a distinct, medically necessary service --- failing to capture the confirmatory step, or billing it as a duplicate screen, is a frequent source of both underbilling and denial.
Non-treponemal syphilis screening (86592) and treponemal confirmatory testing (86593), plus Lyme disease two-tier testing combining an initial screening immunoassay (86618) with confirmatory immunoblot (86617, 86619).
Two-tier testing protocols require the confirmatory test to reflex specifically from a positive or equivocal screen --- billing the confirmatory tier without a documented reactive first-tier result is a compliance exposure, not just a coding gap.
Interferon-gamma release assay testing for tuberculosis infection using a single antigen mixture (86480) or peptide-based antigen response measured by cell count (86481), used as an alternative to tuberculin skin testing.
IGRA testing frequency limits and the specific ICD-10 linkage required to support medical necessity vary by MAC --- claims billed outside the documented occupational or clinical screening indication are routinely flagged.
Procalcitonin testing (84145) used to support sepsis risk stratification and antibiotic stewardship decisions, and C-reactive protein testing, standard (86140) or high-sensitivity (86141), used to monitor acute inflammatory and infectious processes.
Procalcitonin and CRP testing ordered on a fixed daily schedule rather than tied to a documented change in clinical status is a routine medical necessity denial driver, particularly in higher-frequency inpatient and post-acute settings.
TransLabs’ specialized RCM services are built exclusively for labs, addressing the unique challenges that generalist billers miss. We provide end-to-end revenue cycle solutions designed specifically to turn laboratory complexity into profitability.
Complete payer enrollment, CLIA certification management, and network participation setup across all insurance carriers. TransLabs manages every credentialing detail so that your laboratory gets paid in-network from day one without any administrative delays.
Real-time insurance verification, benefits investigation, and prior auth completed before specimen processing begins. Confirming coverage upfront eliminates preventable denials and protects your lab from unexpected reimbursement failures.
Patient registration, appointment coordination, insurance verification, and customer service excellence managed by experienced laboratory billing professionals. A well-run front office reduces downstream billing errors and creates a better experience.
TransLabs provides expert RCM services to clinical laboratories in all 50 states, delivering the same exceptional results whether you’re a community hospital lab or a large reference facility. We bring specialized lab billing expertise to facilities nationwide, combining remote efficiency with hands-on partnership.
Many MACs and commercial payers now treat 6-11 and 12-25 target respiratory and GI pathogen panels as non-covered or covered only for beneficiaries with serious illness, immunodeficiency, or a documented severe underlying condition. TransLabs validates every expanded panel claim against the current coverage determination before submission, not after the denial.
Each MAC maintains its own LCD and companion coding article specifying which ICD-10 diagnoses support coverage for respiratory, GI, and other multiplex infectious disease panels. These policies are revised frequently as new PLA codes are added and older ones retired. TransLabs maintains live LCD databases and validates diagnosis-to-test linkage on every Medicare claim.
Two-tier protocols, such as Lyme disease screening followed by confirmatory immunoblot, or a reactive HIV screen followed by confirmatory testing, must show the reflex logic was followed correctly. TransLabs builds these reflex rules directly into claim validation so confirmatory testing is billed only when the record supports it.
Federal program integrity efforts have specifically flagged the practice of bundling unrelated add-on tests, such as allergy or genetic panels, alongside a primary infectious disease test without independent medical necessity for each service. TransLabs reviews ordering patterns for this exact risk profile.
When an expanded panel tier may not meet medical necessity criteria under the applicable LCD, a valid ABN must be issued before the specimen is collected. TransLabs implements ABN workflows into front-end intake specifically for expanded respiratory and GI panel ordering.
Preventive screening for HIV, hepatitis C, and select STIs falls under a different benefit category than diagnostic testing for symptomatic patients, with different cost-sharing rules. TransLabs codes each claim to the correct benefit category based on the documented reason for testing.
The CLFS sets Medicare payment rates for serology and infectious disease lab tests and updates annually on January 1, with molecular panel codes revised more frequently than most categories. TransLabs monitors CLFS changes and updates billing tables immediately at each rate change.
Most billing companies still bill infectious disease panels the way they did three years ago, missing the coverage changes that have reshaped expanded panel reimbursement since. TransLabs was built for laboratory billing exclusively, and our infectious disease team tracks payer policy changes as they happen, not months after a denial pattern has already cost you money.
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